---
title: robots.txt
description: API Reference for robots.txt file.
---

Add or generate a `robots.txt` file that matches the [Robots Exclusion Standard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robots.txt#Standard) in the **root** of `app` directory to tell search engine crawlers which URLs they can access on your site.

## Static `robots.txt`

```txt filename="app/robots.txt"
User-Agent: *
Allow: /
Disallow: /private/

Sitemap: https://acme.com/sitemap.xml
```

## Generate a Robots file

Add a `robots.js` or `robots.ts` file that returns a [`Robots` object](#robots-object).

> **Good to know**: `robots.js` is a special Route Handler that is cached by default unless it uses a [Request-time API](/docs/app/glossary#request-time-apis) or [dynamic config](/docs/app/guides/caching-without-cache-components#dynamic) option.

```ts filename="app/robots.ts" switcher
import type { MetadataRoute } from 'next'

export default function robots(): MetadataRoute.Robots {
  return {
    rules: {
      userAgent: '*',
      allow: '/',
      disallow: '/private/',
    },
    sitemap: 'https://acme.com/sitemap.xml',
  }
}
```

```js filename="app/robots.js" switcher
export default function robots() {
  return {
    rules: {
      userAgent: '*',
      allow: '/',
      disallow: '/private/',
    },
    sitemap: 'https://acme.com/sitemap.xml',
  }
}
```

Output:

```txt
User-Agent: *
Allow: /
Disallow: /private/

Sitemap: https://acme.com/sitemap.xml
```

### Customizing specific user agents

You can customize how individual search engine bots crawl your site by passing an array of user agents to the `rules` property. For example:

```ts filename="app/robots.ts" switcher
import type { MetadataRoute } from 'next'

export default function robots(): MetadataRoute.Robots {
  return {
    rules: [
      {
        userAgent: 'Googlebot',
        allow: ['/'],
        disallow: '/private/',
      },
      {
        userAgent: ['Applebot', 'Bingbot'],
        disallow: ['/'],
      },
    ],
    sitemap: 'https://acme.com/sitemap.xml',
  }
}
```

```js filename="app/robots.js" switcher
export default function robots() {
  return {
    rules: [
      {
        userAgent: 'Googlebot',
        allow: ['/'],
        disallow: ['/private/'],
      },
      {
        userAgent: ['Applebot', 'Bingbot'],
        disallow: ['/'],
      },
    ],
    sitemap: 'https://acme.com/sitemap.xml',
  }
}
```

Output:

```txt
User-Agent: Googlebot
Allow: /
Disallow: /private/

User-Agent: Applebot
Disallow: /

User-Agent: Bingbot
Disallow: /

Sitemap: https://acme.com/sitemap.xml
```

### Non-standard directives

Some search engines support directives that aren't part of the [Robots Exclusion Standard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robots.txt#Standard), such as `Request-Rate` (Seznam) or `Clean-param` (Yandex). Pass these through the `other` field on a rule. Keys preserve their casing and array values emit one line per entry, scoped to the rule's `User-Agent` block.

```ts filename="app/robots.ts" switcher
import type { MetadataRoute } from 'next'

export default function robots(): MetadataRoute.Robots {
  return {
    rules: [
      { userAgent: '*', allow: '/' },
      {
        userAgent: 'SeznamBot',
        allow: '/',
        other: {
          'Request-Rate': '10/1m',
        },
      },
    ],
  }
}
```

```js filename="app/robots.js" switcher
export default function robots() {
  return {
    rules: [
      { userAgent: '*', allow: '/' },
      {
        userAgent: 'SeznamBot',
        allow: '/',
        other: {
          'Request-Rate': '10/1m',
        },
      },
    ],
  }
}
```

Output:

```txt
User-Agent: *
Allow: /

User-Agent: SeznamBot
Allow: /
Request-Rate: 10/1m
```

> **Good to know**: Values in `other` are passed through verbatim. Next.js does not validate directive names or values, so refer to the target search engine's documentation for the exact syntax.

### Robots object

```tsx
type Robots = {
  rules:
    | {
        userAgent?: string | string[]
        allow?: string | string[]
        disallow?: string | string[]
        crawlDelay?: number
        other?: Record<string, string | number | Array<string | number>>
      }
    | Array<{
        userAgent: string | string[]
        allow?: string | string[]
        disallow?: string | string[]
        crawlDelay?: number
        other?: Record<string, string | number | Array<string | number>>
      }>
  sitemap?: string | string[]
  host?: string
}
```

## Version History

| Version   | Changes                                                    |
| --------- | ---------------------------------------------------------- |
| `v16.3.0` | Added `other` field for non-standard per-agent directives. |
| `v13.3.0` | `robots` introduced.                                       |